{"id":477,"date":"2025-03-05T17:14:14","date_gmt":"2025-03-05T16:14:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.iproyn.es\/project\/geographic-information-systems-%c2%b7-gis\/"},"modified":"2025-03-07T12:30:43","modified_gmt":"2025-03-07T11:30:43","slug":"geographic-information-systems-%c2%b7-gis","status":"publish","type":"project","link":"https:\/\/www.iproyn.es\/en\/project\/geographic-information-systems-%c2%b7-gis\/","title":{"rendered":"Geographic Information Systems \u00b7 GIS"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Geographic Information Systems<\/strong> have positioned themselves as the fundamental and priority tool in land and environmental management, with applications in countless fields requiring a degree of knowledge in geographic information technologies, either as a cross-disciplinary or main tool, allowing geomatics experts to develop analyses and configurations in most areas of our society.<\/p>\n\n<p><strong>SIG functions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Adding information.<\/strong> This includes not only the transfer of geographical data to an analytical form (digitisation), but also integration into the database system. Previously, the information must be analysed as exhaustively as possible to ensure it is structured correctly according to the needs of the project.  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Information management<\/strong> All the information incorporated must be able to be managed by the system, carrying out thematic and spatial searches and with a multi-conditioned selection capacity for subsequent analysis. Management refers to both geographical and alphanumeric data.  <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Information analysis.<\/strong> This function is specific to GIS and is its characteristic element. From the preparation of the data, territorial analysis procedures are used to obtain results. In reality, they are models resulting from the intelligent processing of information, conditioned by the hypotheses contemplated. The results can be more or less real depending on the quality of the data and the veracity of the hypotheses used.     <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Interrelation with the user<\/strong>. The previous points should result in a practical and intuitive relationship with the user of the system, in such a way that they can choose the most appropriate output of the data used and the results obtained in relation to the intended purposes.  <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>A GIS must be able to offer outputs such as maps, graphics, summary tables and in any medium (paper, screen, data export, etc.). <\/p>\n\n<p><strong>Geocoding of cartographic objects<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Direct geocoding<\/strong>. For each piece of geographical data, its absolute spatial location is determined with respect to a system of coordinate axes. The coordinate axes are orthogonal and each object is defined by its distance from each of the axes and by the signs + or &#8211; according to whether they are on one side or the other, leaving the geographical object biunivocally related to a pair of coordinates X and Y. The most commonly used systems are flat coordinate systems for small areas of the Earth&#8217;s surface, such as Spain, and among these we can mention the UTM (Universal Transversal Mercator) coordinate system, which forms a Cartesian system with two perpendicular axes, X and Y, and coordinates in metres, taking the equator and a central meridian as the reference axes. The meridians define zones (like the segments of an orange) over the entire surface of the Earth so that the coordinates are not too large numbers (remember that they are metres and that the length of the Earth&#8217;s meridian is approximately 40,000 km).    <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Indirect geocoding<\/strong>. Indirect geocoding is generally defined as the possibility of geographically locating elements based on the values of an attribute of an entity. The attribute can be an address, postcode, municipal code, census districts&#8230; If we consider the large number of public and private databases that have fields that can be geocoded indirectly, we realise the enormous importance of this possibility. If we have a cartographic database prepared for this, all its records can be geographically positioned, allowing us to carry out geographical analyses. This opens up many possibilities for town planning, information and geographic marketing applications in general based on information that is not geographic in nature.    <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p><strong>Vector GIS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>This model aims to provide a vectorial representation of spatial information. It is important to remember the concept of a vector as a segment defined by two points, a starting point and an end point, which define its size, its direction and its sense. Thus, we can approach the vectorial structure by thinking that each point in reality is defined by X and Y coordinates and always belongs to a geographical element (point, line or polygon). The objects are defined as follows:   <\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Point<\/strong>; a vector with the same initial and final point, with no distance and a topological dimension of 0.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Line<\/strong>; a succession of vectors where the end point of each one corresponds exactly to the starting point of the next one, and with topological dimension 1. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Polygon<\/strong>; a succession of vectors with the same relationship as a line but where the starting point of the first vector coincides with the end point of the last vector, defining an interior area and with topological dimension 2. There are different ways of structuring data in the vector GIS but the most complete and widespread is the arc-node method. <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-medium\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"181\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iproyn.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/2000_5e7a47f3dd7dd-300x181.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-312\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iproyn.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/2000_5e7a47f3dd7dd-300x181.webp 300w, https:\/\/www.iproyn.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/2000_5e7a47f3dd7dd-768x464.webp 768w, https:\/\/www.iproyn.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/2000_5e7a47f3dd7dd.webp 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p><strong>SIG raster<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>It consists of a set of individual maps of the same territory that are represented using a grid of regular rectangles of the same size, where each rectangle or pixel is assigned a number representing the value of the mapped thematic variable. <\/p>\n\n<p>We superimpose the original analogue map on the grid of rectangles, with the value of the characteristic being studied defined in each pixel. Thus, we define the pixel by the size of the regular unit of the grid (usually rectangles, although they can also be triangles or hexagons), given by the length of the sides of the grid.  <\/p>\n\n<p>In this way, the size of the pixel gives us the scale of the raster map. Another aspect to take into account in raster information is that the topology is implicit in the regular structure of the grid and the neighbours of each pixel are already defined by their location, as well as the distances between them. In any case, we must bear in mind that digital raster information is discrete since a value is assigned to each pixel and the positions of objects are not established with complete accuracy.  <\/p>\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"186\" src=\"https:\/\/www.iproyn.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/2000_5e7a4884431b8.webp\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-313\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.iproyn.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/2000_5e7a4884431b8.webp 400w, https:\/\/www.iproyn.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/2000_5e7a4884431b8-300x140.webp 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n<p>You can <a href=\"https:\/\/5dee358320aab.site123.me\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><strong>contact <\/strong><\/a>us for the development of GIS projects and applications.<\/p>\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":407,"template":"","project_type":[62,63,64,61,76],"class_list":["post-477","project","type-project","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","type-geo-en","type-geomatics","type-geotechnology","type-gis-en","type-sig-en"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iproyn.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/project\/477","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iproyn.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/project"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iproyn.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/project"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iproyn.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/407"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.iproyn.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=477"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"type","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.iproyn.es\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/project_type?post=477"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}